A kidney stone is made up of a hard mineral material. These stones may be found in the kidney or the urinary tract. Calculi are formed when there is an excessive amount of stone forming substances in the urine. These may include calcium, amino acid cystine, and phosphate. Dehydration increases the risk of developing stones. Also, frequent urinary tract infections may result into kidney stones. High calcium in the urine is the highest risk factor for developing stones. Symptoms may include flank or abdominal pain and obvious blood in the urine. Intravenous pyelograms were more commonly used to diagnose kidney stones. This more invasive test has since been replaced by a non-contrast CT scan. The CT scan has less radiation, no prep and quicker results then the IVP's. Pregnant women should have an ultrasound to rule out kidney stones. Kidney stones may be passed with medication and an increase in consumed fluids. Stones larger than 9mm may need a procedure called lithotripsy. With this treatment, shock waves are used to aid in the breaking up of larger stones so they may be small enough to pass. The main preventative is to drink lots of water. Patients who may still develop kidney stones may have to look into dietary changes and medications.
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