Avascular Necrosis of the Hip

Avascular necrosis occurs when blood flow is hindered due to a fracture or joint dislocation. Lack of blood supply to a joint is called ostenecrosis. Over time this can lead to the eventual collapse of the bone. Alcohol abusers or patients on high doses of steroids are also at risk for developing avascular necrosis otherwise known as AVN. The hip joint is most commonly affected by AVN. Symptoms may include decrease range of motion and hip pain that may radiate into the groin area. Symptoms may occur suddenly if caused by an injury. Otherwise most patients pain levels increase over time. In some cases, patients may not experience any symptoms at all. Avascular necrosis occurs when there is lack of or limited blood flow to a a bone. If left untreated lack of nutrients and oxygen will cause the bone to deteriorate. Medications and surgeries may be used to slow down this process, but ultimately extreme cases require a hip replacement.

Renal Calculi

A kidney stone is made up of a hard mineral material. These stones may be found in the kidney or the urinary tract. Calculi are formed when there is an excessive amount of stone forming substances in the urine. These may include calcium, amino acid cystine, and phosphate. Dehydration increases the risk of developing stones. Also, frequent urinary tract infections may result into kidney stones. High calcium in the urine is the highest risk factor for developing stones. Symptoms may include flank or abdominal pain and obvious blood in the urine. Intravenous pyelograms were more commonly used to diagnose kidney stones. This more invasive test has since been replaced by a non-contrast CT scan. The CT scan has less radiation, no prep and quicker results then the IVP's. Pregnant women should have an ultrasound to rule out kidney stones. Kidney stones may be passed with medication and an increase in consumed fluids. Stones larger than 9mm may need a procedure called lithotripsy. With this treatment, shock waves are used to aid in the breaking up of larger stones so they may be small enough to pass. The main preventative is to drink lots of water. Patients who may still develop kidney stones may have to look into dietary changes and medications.